The Braintree Hoard of Late Anglo-Saxon Pennies

Foreword

Background

Of the whole Anglo-Saxon period, it is the final chapter that has left the most lasting impression. The vision of a heroic defender of England, fighting to repel foreign invaders, is endearingly romantic. The reality - as always - was a little more complex. Harold II (Godwinsson) was, on his mother’s side, of Danish blood, and was certainly no Ætheling. His claim to be Edward the Confessor’s successor was contentious and his support was not universal. Nevertheless, Harold alone of the leading men of England was equipped with the experience necessary to face the very real threat posed by invasions, and thus when old king Edward died on the 5th January 1066 it was he who was crowned the following day.

In early September, Harald Hardrada, the king of Norway, appeared off the Yorkshire coast, accompanied by 300 ships of fighting men. In short order the local English defences were scattered, and the people of York offered hostages in exchange for peace. Harold II gathered his militia and marched to York. On 25 September he came upon the Norwegians at...